[Aztlan] Coastal Migration, DNA and the First Americans

[michael ruggeri]

First Americans Arrived Recently, Settled Pacific Coast, DNA Study Says

Stefan Lovgren
for National Geographic News
February 2, 2007
A study of the oldest known sample of human DNA in the Americas  
suggests that humans arrived in the New World relatively recently,  
around 15,000 years ago.

The DNA was extracted from a 10,300-year-old tooth found in a cave on  
Prince of Wales Island off southern Alaska in 1996.

The sample represents a previously unknown lineage for the people who  
first arrived in the Americas.

The findings, published last week in the American Journal of Physical  
Anthropology, shed light on how the descendants of the Alaskan  
caveman might have spread.

Comparing the DNA found in the tooth with that sampled from 3,500  
Native Americans, researchers discovered that only one percent of  
modern tribal members have genetic patterns that matched the  
prehistoric sample.

Those who did lived primarily on the Pacific coast of North and South  
America, from California to Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip  
of South America (see map).

This suggests that the first Americans may have spread through the  
New World along a coastal route.

Brian Kemp, a molecular anthropologist who sequenced the DNA, said  
the discovery underlines the importance of genetic research in  
understanding human migration.

"I think there's a lot of information in these old skeletons that's  
going to help us clarify the timing of the peopling of the Americas  
and perhaps where Native Americans originated in Asia," said Kemp, a  
Ph.D. candidate at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee.

On Your Knees Cave

When and how the first people came to the Americas has been a subject  
of intense debate.

The prevailing theory has been that the first to arrive descended  
from prehistoric hunters who walked across a thousand-mile (1,600- 
kilometer) land bridge from Asia to Alaska.


This migration probably occurred at least 15,000 years ago—the oldest  
human remains discovered so far are 13,000 years old—but some  
scientists have proposed that the first Americans arrived up to  
40,000 years ago.The Alaskan tooth was discovered in a cavern called  
On Your Knees Cave, named by the explorer who first crawled inside it.

(See a National Geographic magazine feature on the search for the  
first Americans.)

Using material taken from the tooth, Kemp isolated fragments of  
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is passed down from mothers to their  
offspring, and Y chromosome DNA, which is passed from father to son.

 From a genetic database of 3,500 Native Americans, Kemp found 47  
individuals in North and South America who exhibited the same genetic  
markers as the caveman. Some of the samples were drawn from living  
people and others from ancient bones.

He then compared the tooth DNA with the matching, modern samples and  
tracked the mutations that had occurred in that DNA over time.

By measuring the rate of mutation, Kemp found that so-called  
molecular evolution—the process by which genetic material changes  
over time—had taken place two to four times faster than researchers  
believed mtDNA could evolve.

That, Kemp said, suggests people entered the Americas within the last  
15,000 years, because the DNA has evolved too fast for the arrival to  
have occurred any earlier.

"I would say that humans were probably not here much before that  
date," said Kemp. "A 15,000-year-old entry is [also] much more  
consistent with the archaeological record."

Genetic Markers

All of the mtDNA lineages among Native Americans are associated with  
five founding lineages believed to have originated in Asia.

But the caveman DNA turned out to be an independent founding lineage.

Of the 47 samples that matched the tooth DNA, 4 were from descendants  
of Chumash Indians living along California's central coast.

"The distribution of people exhibiting this [genetic] type today are  
all distributed in the western Americas," Kemp said.

"More or less the individuals are smack down the coast. It's a very  
neat western distribution."

John Johnson, an archaeologist and ethnohistorian at the Santa  
Barbara Museum of Natural History in California, collected the  
Chumash DNA samples.

To Johnson, the matching of the Chumash samples to the On Your Knees  
Cave man is indirect evidence of an ancient coastal migration that  
may have occurred very rapidly.

"We're interested in who were those first people to arrive here at  
the Pacific coast," Johnson said.

"I believe the Chumash descended from a very early coastal migration  
that resulted in the distribution of people down to the tip of South  
America."

Fishing Cultures?

But where did these coastal migrants come from?

DNA samples of people living in Japan and northeast Asia show some of  
the genetic mutations found in the cave-tooth and Chumash samples.

"I think that's a clue that there could be a genetic connection,"  
Johnson said.

He said the Chumash descendants may have been skilled fishers before  
they arrived in the Americas.

"Your techniques for exploiting coastal resources are easily  
[transferable] and something that maybe can allow you to migrate more  
quickly than people who are hunters and gatherers, who must get used  
to new environments as they move into uncharted territory," Johnson  
said.

"I think that may have allowed a more rapid migration along the  
Pacific margins of the Americas."

Kemp, meanwhile, said rapidly advancing DNA technology will help  
scientists piece together the story of the first Americans.

"No expert in morphology could look at the bones and say this person  
resembles a Tierra del Fuego person. It was only the DNA that could  
seal the case," Kemp said.

"This really highlights the importance of adding a molecular  
component to the study of these really ancient remains."

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070202-human- 
migration.html



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