[Aztlan] ANCIENT GALLINA CULTURE MASSACRE UNCOVERED-CRANIAL DEFORMATION FOUND

[michael ruggeri]

Ancient Massacre Discovered in New Mexico -- Was It Genocide?
Blake de Pastino in Jemez Springs, New Mexico
National Geographic News
July 12, 2007
Seven skeletons discovered in a remote New Mexico canyon were victims  
of a brutal massacre that may have been part of an ancient campaign  
of genocide, archaeologists say.

The victims—five adults, one child, and one infant—were members of an  
obscure native culture known as the Gallina, which occupied a small  
region of northwestern New Mexico around A.D. 1100 (see New Mexico map).

The culture suddenly vanished around 1275, as the last of its members  
either left the region or were "wiped out," archaeologists say.

The newfound skeletons could provide crucial clues to the people's  
mysterious fate, since scarcely more than a hundred Gallina remains  
have ever been found, said Tony Largaespada, an archaeologist with  
the U.S. Forest Service who made the discovery in 2005.

"Almost all of [the Gallina ever found] were murdered," he said.  
"[Someone] was just killing them, case after case, every single time."

Greg Nelson, a physical anthropologist at the University of Oregon,  
studied the newly unearthed skeletons and said they paint a macabre  
picture of violence inflicted on both sexes and all age groups.

"It's pretty obvious that they were killed—they're people who were  
wiped out," he said."

One skeleton was found with a fractured skull, forearm, jaw,  
thighbone, and pelvis, and several broken ribs, Nelson said. Another  
bore cut marks on the upper arm that suggest blows from an ax. The  
child, about two years old, had had its skull crushed (see photos of  
the massacre scene).

The findings are grimly consistent with previous reports from other  
Gallina sites, the pair said. But the new skeletons offer tantalizing  
signs of how unique the culture may have been.

In particular, the skulls of two of the victims have an "unusual"  
flattened shape that has never been seen before in the Southwest, the  
experts said.

Such signs of a distinctive culture may help explain why the group  
was so plagued by violent conflicts with neighboring groups. But the  
scientists stress that their research is ongoing, and the ancient  
murders remain unsolved for now.

"We just don't know right now," Nelson said. "The evidence indicates  
that somebody was going through and killing them. Why and to what  
extent? We're not sure."

Unusual Murder Scene

Among the other peculiarities of the murder scene is the arrangement  
of two of the bodies, the scientists said. The victims, an adult male  
and female, were found face down and doubled over, their heads  
snapped back so far that their skulls rested between their shoulder  
blades (see how the bodies were found).

The bodies may have been deliberately posed, or the victims may have  
been crouching in defense when their necks were broken, Nelson noted.

But none of the seven dead appears to have been buried, suggesting  
that the group was struck by a swift attack.

"Normally when you bury people, you extend them, you flex them, you  
do these kinds of things—you don't bury them on their knees with  
their heads snapped back," he said. "So right away you know something  
screwy is going on."

Other evidence includes what appear to be the ruins of a burned pit  
house, or dugout dwelling, nearby.

"Why these [victims] were outside the house is kind of a mystery,"  
Largaespada said. "Usually [attackers] threw [Gallina victims] in  
their houses and burned the houses on top of them. That's the case  
with 90 percent of them.

"But in this particular case they were thrown in a pile outside the  
house. … More than likely there are others [nearby]."

Largaespada discovered the grisly scene in October 2005 when he and a  
team were reburying a Gallina skeleton that had been in storage at  
his Forest Service office in the town of Jemez Springs.

When he arrived at the site where the bones were originally  
excavated, he saw evidence of other bodies eroding out of the road bank.

"So we set up our unit and [dug] down, and the first thing we saw was  
two skulls. Then it was three individuals. Then we found the baby.  
And it just kept multiplying from there."

Summer rains in May 2006 ended the dig, which the Forest Service had  
authorized as a small-scale emergency excavation.

Largaespada and Nelson are awaiting funding to continue their  
investigation of the site, as well as other unexcavated Gallina ruins  
nearby, which they say are probably plentiful along the rocky ridges  
of northern New Mexico.

"I bet there's a house on every one of these peaks around here,"  
Largaespada said.

Was It Genocide?

Traces of the Gallina culture were first discovered in the 1930s by  
archaeologists working just a few miles from the newfound massacre site.

Scientists at the time described excavating a 25-foot-tall (7.6-meter- 
tall) circular stone tower that held the remains of 16 people, all of  
whom bore signs of gruesome deaths (see a picture of the tower ruins).

Since then several Gallina sites have been excavated, but scholarship  
on the culture's origins and demise have been limited, Nelson noted.

"Because not much has been done for a long time, it's almost like a  
whole debate should be renewed—where they came from, what happened to  
them," he said.

The duo reported their discovery this spring at meetings of the  
American Association of Physical Anthropologists and the  
Paleopathology Association.

In their study, they write that the culture's disappearance was  
"possibly the result of genocide," reflecting the prevailing theory  
of the Gallina's demise, they said.

But whether the Gallina were the victims of true genocide—the  
extermination of one ethnic group by another—is a matter of debate,  
the scientists said.

"It could've been internecine—it could've been within the Gallina,"  
Nelson said.

A crucial factor, he explained, is the severe drought that struck the  
Southwest soon after the culture's appearance around A.D. 1100.

(Read related story: "Ancient 'Megadroughts' Struck U.S. West, Could  
Happen Again, Study Suggests" [May 24, 2007].)

"Beginning 1100, 1150, you start getting real drought conditions, and  
the water table starts dropping. That means you're not able to grow  
as much corn. So there's a chance that this is [a sign of]  
intervillage resource-stress problems."

This "megadrought" is also known to have spurred mass migrations  
throughout the region, including the abandonment of massive  
settlements built by the Anasazi, such as the sophisticated pueblos  
at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

(See a photo of Chaco Canyon.)

With such dire competition for water and land, the Gallina may have  
been particularly vulnerable if they were seen as outsiders with  
their own, isolated culture, the researchers speculated.

"Look at it from this perspective," Nelson said. "If you live in the  
area, you're growing your corn, and new people come in.

"Then the environment goes down the tubes. Let's blame the new  
people. We don't know you. Maybe you speak a different dialect. And  
we can't grow our corn anymore. You must be witches, so we're just  
going to kill you."

Mystery of Deformed Skulls

Heather Edgar is a curator at Albuquerque's Maxwell Museum of  
Anthropology who has inspected the newfound skeletons.

She says perhaps the most distinct clues revealed by the new  
discovery are the two deformed skulls that Nelson first observed.

"It's not just him that sees [the deformation]," she said. "It's there."

The skulls are flattened on the back, just below the crown, Nelson  
explained. The deformation must have occurred during infancy, when  
the victims' skull bones were soft and malleable.

Both Nelson and Edgar said it's too soon to determine whether the  
deformations were intentional or merely the result of cradleboarding,  
the practice of carrying babies on boards strapped to mothers' backs.

"I could think of ways it could have been accidentally made, and I  
could think of ways it could have been purposely made, but the  
flattening is there," she said.

Edgar added that the duo's ongoing investigation of the massacre may  
provide the evidence needed to finally solve the mystery of the Gallina.

"I think the Gallina are an important point in the history of the  
area," she said. "Where did they come from, and where did they go?"

"Specifically the information that [Nelson and Largaespada] are  
working on is, where did they go?

"Did [the Gallina] contribute to a population that's alive today, and  
we're just aren't aware of that? Or did they just move to another  
region? And there are theories out there that they were all massacred.

"Maybe the work they're doing can help figure that out."

PICTURES OF SKELETONS;

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/photogalleries/ 
ancient-culture/index.html





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