The Early/Middle Formative Kanocha Phase (1200-850 B.C.) at Blackman Eddy, Belize
James F. Garber, M. Kathryn Brown, and Christopher J. Hartman

Discussion

The initial architectural constructions at Blackman Eddy are quite modest. It is a hilltop settlement overlooking the floodplain below. These early constructions consisted of simple pole and thatch buildings at or slightly above ground level. Subsequent Kanocha phase buildings consisted of low stone-edged tamped marl platforms upon which perishable buildings were constructed. These buildings were clustered and had associated tamped earth patio surfaces. Immediately following this phase, lime plaster floors and simple stone masonry make their appearance. Some residents had access to exotic materials such as obsidian, greenstone, and marine shell. The increased complexity of architecture and the associated increased labor investment coupled with the presence of exotics and the ceramic vessels that carry iconographic information are indicative of the emergence of social differentiation towards the end of the Kanocha phase.

Artifacts include a wide range of chipped stone tools and a variety of ceramic vessel forms including jars, bowls, and plates. The presence of grinding tools and colanders indicate the use of maize. The evidence of feasting suggest communal ritual activities possibly functioning as integrative activities to form social bonds, and allow redistribution of goods through local giftgiving and exchange networks. A rich faunal assemblage demonstrates the use of a wide range of animal foods as well. Exotics include obsidian, marine shell, and greenstone, indicating that these early settled groups were a part of an extensive system of exchange. The iconographic motifs indicate participation in a pan-Mesoamerican symbol system. The collection of new data as well as continuing analysis of existing data should prove productive in answering questions about the origins and inter-regional relationships of this early period as well as the role of these villagers in shaping subsequent phases.

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