THE TOLTECA-CHICHIMECA Considerable archaeological and iconographic evidence indicates that the Borgia Group codices were created by confederacies of Tolteca-Chichimeca. Their kingdoms were composed of various different ethnic groups but the most influential were the Eastern Nahuas of the Mexican states of Puebla and Tlaxcala (Nicholson and Quiñones Keber 1994, Lind 1994, Neff et al. 1994, Pohl 1997). Although they were divided into numerous small city-states, the Tolteca-Chichimeca maintained unity through their allegiance to a great pilgrimage shrine dedicated to their patron god, Quetzalcoatl or "Plumed Serpent", at the city of Cholula. The Spaniards described Cholula as the "Mecca" of New Spain. Eastern Nahua merchants had considerable influence in Veracruz and other outlying regions so it is at least possible that some Borgia Group manuscripts come from nearby regions of Mesoamerica as well.
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